Frontend Development Patterns

Modern frontend patterns for React, Next.js, and performant user interfaces.

Component Patterns

Composition Over Inheritance

// ✅ GOOD: Component composition
interface CardProps {
  children: React.ReactNode
  variant?: 'default' | 'outlined'
}

export function Card({ children, variant = 'default' }: CardProps) {
  return <div className={`card card-${variant}`}>{children}</div>
}

export function CardHeader({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  return <div className="card-header">{children}</div>
}

export function CardBody({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  return <div className="card-body">{children}</div>
}

// Usage
<Card>
  <CardHeader>Title</CardHeader>
  <CardBody>Content</CardBody>
</Card>

Compound Components

interface TabsContextValue {
  activeTab: string
  setActiveTab: (tab: string) => void
}

const TabsContext = createContext<TabsContextValue | undefined>(undefined)

export function Tabs({ children, defaultTab }: {
  children: React.ReactNode
  defaultTab: string
}) {
  const [activeTab, setActiveTab] = useState(defaultTab)

  return (
    <TabsContext.Provider value={{ activeTab, setActiveTab }}>
      {children}
    </TabsContext.Provider>
  )
}

export function TabList({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  return <div className="tab-list">{children}</div>
}

export function Tab({ id, children }: { id: string, children: React.ReactNode }) {
  const context = useContext(TabsContext)
  if (!context) throw new Error('Tab must be used within Tabs')

  return (
    <button
      className={context.activeTab === id ? 'active' : ''}
      onClick={() => context.setActiveTab(id)}
    >
      {children}
    </button>
  )
}

// Usage
<Tabs defaultTab="overview">
  <TabList>
    <Tab id="overview">Overview</Tab>
    <Tab id="details">Details</Tab>
  </TabList>
</Tabs>

Render Props Pattern

interface DataLoaderProps<T> {
  url: string
  children: (data: T | null, loading: boolean, error: Error | null) => React.ReactNode
}

export function DataLoader<T>({ url, children }: DataLoaderProps<T>) {
  const [data, setData] = useState<T | null>(null)
  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)
  const [error, setError] = useState<Error | null>(null)

  useEffect(() => {
    fetch(url)
      .then(res => res.json())
      .then(setData)
      .catch(setError)
      .finally(() => setLoading(false))
  }, [url])

  return <>{children(data, loading, error)}</>
}

// Usage
<DataLoader<Market[]> url="/api/markets">
  {(markets, loading, error) => {
    if (loading) return <Spinner />
    if (error) return <Error error={error} />
    return <MarketList markets={markets!} />
  }}
</DataLoader>

Custom Hooks Patterns

State Management Hook

export function useToggle(initialValue = false): [boolean, () => void] {
  const [value, setValue] = useState(initialValue)

  const toggle = useCallback(() => {
    setValue(v => !v)
  }, [])

  return [value, toggle]
}

// Usage
const [isOpen, toggleOpen] = useToggle()

Async Data Fetching Hook

interface UseQueryOptions<T> {
  onSuccess?: (data: T) => void
  onError?: (error: Error) => void
  enabled?: boolean
}

export function useQuery<T>(
  key: string,
  fetcher: () => Promise<T>,
  options?: UseQueryOptions<T>
) {
  const [data, setData] = useState<T | null>(null)
  const [error, setError] = useState<Error | null>(null)
  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false)

  const refetch = useCallback(async () => {
    setLoading(true)
    setError(null)

    try {
      const result = await fetcher()
      setData(result)
      options?.onSuccess?.(result)
    } catch (err) {
      const error = err as Error
      setError(error)
      options?.onError?.(error)
    } finally {
      setLoading(false)
    }
  }, [fetcher, options])

  useEffect(() => {
    if (options?.enabled !== false) {
      refetch()
    }
  }, [key, refetch, options?.enabled])

  return { data, error, loading, refetch }
}

// Usage
const { data: markets, loading, error, refetch } = useQuery(
  'markets',
  () => fetch('/api/markets').then(r => r.json()),
  {
    onSuccess: data => console.log('Fetched', data.length, 'markets'),
    onError: err => console.error('Failed:', err)
  }
)

Debounce Hook

export function useDebounce<T>(value: T, delay: number): T {
  const [debouncedValue, setDebouncedValue] = useState<T>(value)

  useEffect(() => {
    const handler = setTimeout(() => {
      setDebouncedValue(value)
    }, delay)

    return () => clearTimeout(handler)
  }, [value, delay])

  return debouncedValue
}

// Usage
const [searchQuery, setSearchQuery] = useState('')
const debouncedQuery = useDebounce(searchQuery, 500)

useEffect(() => {
  if (debouncedQuery) {
    performSearch(debouncedQuery)
  }
}, [debouncedQuery])

State Management Patterns

Context + Reducer Pattern

interface State {
  markets: Market[]
  selectedMarket: Market | null
  loading: boolean
}

type Action =
  | { type: 'SET_MARKETS'; payload: Market[] }
  | { type: 'SELECT_MARKET'; payload: Market }
  | { type: 'SET_LOADING'; payload: boolean }

function reducer(state: State, action: Action): State {
  switch (action.type) {
    case 'SET_MARKETS':
      return { ...state, markets: action.payload }
    case 'SELECT_MARKET':
      return { ...state, selectedMarket: action.payload }
    case 'SET_LOADING':
      return { ...state, loading: action.payload }
    default:
      return state
  }
}

const MarketContext = createContext<{
  state: State
  dispatch: Dispatch<Action>
} | undefined>(undefined)

export function MarketProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  const [state, dispatch] = useReducer(reducer, {
    markets: [],
    selectedMarket: null,
    loading: false
  })

  return (
    <MarketContext.Provider value={{ state, dispatch }}>
      {children}
    </MarketContext.Provider>
  )
}

export function useMarkets() {
  const context = useContext(MarketContext)
  if (!context) throw new Error('useMarkets must be used within MarketProvider')
  return context
}

Performance Optimization

Memoization

// ✅ useMemo for expensive computations
const sortedMarkets = useMemo(() => {
  return markets.sort((a, b) => b.volume - a.volume)
}, [markets])

// ✅ useCallback for functions passed to children
const handleSearch = useCallback((query: string) => {
  setSearchQuery(query)
}, [])

// ✅ React.memo for pure components
export const MarketCard = React.memo<MarketCardProps>(({ market }) => {
  return (
    <div className="market-card">
      <h3>{market.name}</h3>
      <p>{market.description}</p>
    </div>
  )
})

Code Splitting & Lazy Loading

import { lazy, Suspense } from 'react'

// ✅ Lazy load heavy components
const HeavyChart = lazy(() => import('./HeavyChart'))
const ThreeJsBackground = lazy(() => import('./ThreeJsBackground'))

export function Dashboard() {
  return (
    <div>
      <Suspense fallback={<ChartSkeleton />}>
        <HeavyChart data={data} />
      </Suspense>

      <Suspense fallback={null}>
        <ThreeJsBackground />
      </Suspense>
    </div>
  )
}

Virtualization for Long Lists

import { useVirtualizer } from '@tanstack/react-virtual'

export function VirtualMarketList({ markets }: { markets: Market[] }) {
  const parentRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)

  const virtualizer = useVirtualizer({
    count: markets.length,
    getScrollElement: () => parentRef.current,
    estimateSize: () => 100,  // Estimated row height
    overscan: 5  // Extra items to render
  })

  return (
    <div ref={parentRef} style={{ height: '600px', overflow: 'auto' }}>
      <div
        style={{
          height: `${virtualizer.getTotalSize()}px`,
          position: 'relative'
        }}
      >
        {virtualizer.getVirtualItems().map(virtualRow