GitHub Actions Advanced Skill

Expert guidance for designing, writing, debugging, and securing production-grade GitHub Actions workflows.

When to Use This Skill

• User mentions GitHub Actions, .github/workflows, CI/CD pipelines, runners, jobs, steps, or actions
• User wants to automate builds, tests, deployments, or releases via GitHub
• User asks about matrix builds, reusable workflows, composite actions, or self-hosted runners
• User needs help with OIDC authentication, caching strategies, or secrets management
• User says "my GitHub pipeline is failing" or "set up CI for my repo"
• User asks about workflow security, hardening, or environment protection rules

When NOT to Use This Skill

• The user is working with GitLab CI/CD → recommend gitlab-ci-patterns
• The user is working with CircleCI, Jenkins, or other CI platforms
• The task is purely about Docker image building without GitHub context → recommend docker-expert
• The task is about Kubernetes deployment configuration → recommend kubernetes-architect

Step 1: Understand Context Before Responding

When invoked, first gather context:

# Discover existing workflows in the repo
find .github/workflows -name "*.yml" -o -name "*.yaml" 2>/dev/null | head -20

# Check for composite actions
find .github/actions -name "action.yml" 2>/dev/null

# Detect tech stack (influences runner OS, language setup actions)
ls package.json requirements.txt Gemfile go.mod Cargo.toml pom.xml 2>/dev/null

Then adapt recommendations to:

• Existing workflow patterns in the repo
• The tech stack and language runtime
• Whether this is a monorepo or single-project repo
• Whether self-hosted or GitHub-hosted runners are in use

Workflow Structure Reference

name: Workflow Name

on:                          # Triggers (see Triggers section)
  push:
    branches: [main]

permissions:                 # Always declare — principle of least privilege
  contents: read

env:                         # Workflow-level env vars
  NODE_VERSION: '20'

concurrency:                 # Prevent duplicate runs
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
  cancel-in-progress: true   # Cancel older runs for same branch

jobs:
  job-id:
    name: Human-readable name
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04    # Pin OS version — never use -latest in prod
    timeout-minutes: 15      # Always set — prevents runaway jobs
    environment: production  # Links to GitHub Environment (approvals/secrets)

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683  # v4.2.2
      - name: Step name
        run: echo "hello"

Triggers (on:)

Common Patterns

on:
  push:
    branches: [main, 'release/**']
    paths-ignore: ['**.md', 'docs/**']   # Skip docs-only changes

  pull_request:
    types: [opened, synchronize, reopened]
    branches: [main]

  workflow_dispatch:                      # Manual trigger with inputs
    inputs:
      environment:
        description: 'Deploy target'
        required: true
        type: choice
        options: [staging, production]
      dry-run:
        description: 'Dry run only?'
        type: boolean
        default: false

  schedule:
    - cron: '0 2 * * 1'                 # Monday 2am UTC

  workflow_call:                          # Called by other workflows (reusable)
    inputs:
      image-tag:
        type: string
        required: true
    secrets:
      deploy-token:
        required: true

  release:
    types: [published]                   # Trigger only on published releases

  pull_request_target:                   # Runs with repo secrets — use with care!
    types: [labeled]                     # Gate with label + author_association check

Security Warning: pull_request_target runs with repo secrets. Only use after a maintainer labels the PR. Never check out fork code without explicit sandboxing.

Reusable Workflows

Split large pipelines into composable units stored in .github/workflows/.

Convention: Prefix internal/reusable workflows with _ (e.g., _build.yml).

Caller (.github/workflows/deploy.yml)

jobs:
  call-build:
    uses: ./.github/workflows/_build.yml        # Same-repo reusable
    # uses: org/repo/.github/workflows/build.yml@main  # Cross-repo
    with:
      image-tag: ${{ github.sha }}
    secrets: inherit                             # Pass all caller secrets down
  
  call-test:
    uses: ./.github/workflows/_test.yml
    with:
      node-version: '20'
    secrets:
      NPM_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.NPM_TOKEN }}       # Explicit secret passing

Reusable Workflow (.github/workflows/_build.yml)

on:
  workflow_call:
    inputs:
      image-tag:
        type: string
        required: true
      push:
        type: boolean
        default: false
    secrets:
      registry-token:
        required: false
    outputs:
      digest:
        description: "Image digest"
        value: ${{ jobs.build.outputs.digest }}

jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    timeout-minutes: 20
    outputs:
      digest: ${{ steps.build.outputs.digest }}
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683  # v4.2.2
      - id: build
        uses: docker/build-push-action@4f58ea79222b3b9dc2c8bbdd6debcef730109a75  # v6.9.0
        with:
          push: ${{ inputs.push }}
          tags: myapp:${{ inputs.image-tag }}

Matrix Builds

jobs:
  test:
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false           # Don't cancel others if one fails
      max-parallel: 4            # Limit concurrent runners
      matrix:
        os: [ubuntu-24.04, windows-2022, macos-14]
        node: ['18', '20', '22']
        exclude:
          - os: windows-2022
            node: '18'
        include:
          - os: ubuntu-24.04
            node: '22'
            experimental: true   # Custom matrix variable

    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    timeout-minutes: 20

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683  # v4.2.2
      - uses: actions/setup-node@39370e3970a6d050c480ffad4ff0ed4d3fdee5af  # v4.1.0
        with:
          node-version: ${{ matrix.node }}
          cache: 'npm'
      - run: npm ci
      - run: npm test
        continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.experimental == true }}

Dynamic Matrix via Script

jobs:
  generate-matrix:
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    outputs:
      matrix: ${{ steps.set-matrix.outputs.matrix }}
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683  # v4.2.2
      - id: set-matrix
        run: |
          SERVICES=$(find services -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -type d -printf '%f\n' | jq -R -s -c 'split("\n")[:-1]')
          printf 'matrix={"service":%s}\n' "$SERVICES" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"

  build:
    needs: generate-matrix
    strategy:
      matrix: ${{ fromJson(needs.generate-matrix.outputs.matrix) }}
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:
      - env:
          SERVICE: ${{ matrix.service }}
        run: echo "Building $SERVICE"

Caching Strategies

Language Setup Actions (Preferred — No Extra Step Needed)

# Node.js
- uses: actions/setup-node@39370e3970a6d050c480ffad4ff0ed4d3fdee5af  # v4.1.0
  with:
    node-version: '20'
    cache: 'npm'           # or 'yarn' or 'pnpm'

# Python
- uses: actions/setup-python@0b93645e9fea7318ecaed2b359559ac225c90a2b  # v5.3.0
  with:
    python-version: '3.12'
    cache: 'pip'

# Go
- uses: actions/setup-go@3041bf56c941b39c61721a86cd11f3bb1338122a  # v5.2.0
  with:
    go-version: '1.23'
    cache: true

# Java / Gradle / Maven
- uses: actions/setup-java@7a6d8a8234af8eb26422e24052f73b12b0e46a27  # v4.6.0
  with:
    distribution: 'temurin'
    java-version: '21'
    cache: 'maven'        # or 'gradle'

Manual Cache (Any Tool)

- uses: actions/cache@6849a6489940f00c2f30c0fb92c6274307ccb58a  # v4.1.2
  id: cache-deps
  with:
    path: |
      ~/.cache/pip
      .v