後端開發模式

用於可擴展伺服器端應用程式的後端架構模式和最佳實務。

API 設計模式

RESTful API 結構

// ✅ 基於資源的 URL
GET    /api/markets                 # 列出資源
GET    /api/markets/:id             # 取得單一資源
POST   /api/markets                 # 建立資源
PUT    /api/markets/:id             # 替換資源
PATCH  /api/markets/:id             # 更新資源
DELETE /api/markets/:id             # 刪除資源

// ✅ 用於過濾、排序、分頁的查詢參數
GET /api/markets?status=active&sort=volume&limit=20&offset=0

Repository 模式

// 抽象資料存取邏輯
interface MarketRepository {
  findAll(filters?: MarketFilters): Promise<Market[]>
  findById(id: string): Promise<Market | null>
  create(data: CreateMarketDto): Promise<Market>
  update(id: string, data: UpdateMarketDto): Promise<Market>
  delete(id: string): Promise<void>
}

class SupabaseMarketRepository implements MarketRepository {
  async findAll(filters?: MarketFilters): Promise<Market[]> {
    let query = supabase.from('markets').select('*')

    if (filters?.status) {
      query = query.eq('status', filters.status)
    }

    if (filters?.limit) {
      query = query.limit(filters.limit)
    }

    const { data, error } = await query

    if (error) throw new Error(error.message)
    return data
  }

  // 其他方法...
}

Service 層模式

// 業務邏輯與資料存取分離
class MarketService {
  constructor(private marketRepo: MarketRepository) {}

  async searchMarkets(query: string, limit: number = 10): Promise<Market[]> {
    // 業務邏輯
    const embedding = await generateEmbedding(query)
    const results = await this.vectorSearch(embedding, limit)

    // 取得完整資料
    const markets = await this.marketRepo.findByIds(results.map(r => r.id))

    // 依相似度排序
    return markets.sort((a, b) => {
      const scoreA = results.find(r => r.id === a.id)?.score || 0
      const scoreB = results.find(r => r.id === b.id)?.score || 0
      return scoreA - scoreB
    })
  }

  private async vectorSearch(embedding: number[], limit: number) {
    // 向量搜尋實作
  }
}

Middleware 模式

// 請求/回應處理流水線
export function withAuth(handler: NextApiHandler): NextApiHandler {
  return async (req, res) => {
    const token = req.headers.authorization?.replace('Bearer ', '')

    if (!token) {
      return res.status(401).json({ error: 'Unauthorized' })
    }

    try {
      const user = await verifyToken(token)
      req.user = user
      return handler(req, res)
    } catch (error) {
      return res.status(401).json({ error: 'Invalid token' })
    }
  }
}

// 使用方式
export default withAuth(async (req, res) => {
  // Handler 可存取 req.user
})

資料庫模式

查詢優化

// ✅ 良好：只選擇需要的欄位
const { data } = await supabase
  .from('markets')
  .select('id, name, status, volume')
  .eq('status', 'active')
  .order('volume', { ascending: false })
  .limit(10)

// ❌ 不良：選擇所有欄位
const { data } = await supabase
  .from('markets')
  .select('*')

N+1 查詢問題預防

// ❌ 不良：N+1 查詢問題
const markets = await getMarkets()
for (const market of markets) {
  market.creator = await getUser(market.creator_id)  // N 次查詢
}

// ✅ 良好：批次取得
const markets = await getMarkets()
const creatorIds = markets.map(m => m.creator_id)
const creators = await getUsers(creatorIds)  // 1 次查詢
const creatorMap = new Map(creators.map(c => [c.id, c]))

markets.forEach(market => {
  market.creator = creatorMap.get(market.creator_id)
})

Transaction 模式

async function createMarketWithPosition(
  marketData: CreateMarketDto,
  positionData: CreatePositionDto
) {
  // 使用 Supabase transaction
  const { data, error } = await supabase.rpc('create_market_with_position', {
    market_data: marketData,
    position_data: positionData
  })

  if (error) throw new Error('Transaction failed')
  return data
}

// Supabase 中的 SQL 函式
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION create_market_with_position(
  market_data jsonb,
  position_data jsonb
)
RETURNS jsonb
LANGUAGE plpgsql
AS $$
BEGIN
  -- 自動開始 transaction
  INSERT INTO markets VALUES (market_data);
  INSERT INTO positions VALUES (position_data);
  RETURN jsonb_build_object('success', true);
EXCEPTION
  WHEN OTHERS THEN
    -- 自動 rollback
    RETURN jsonb_build_object('success', false, 'error', SQLERRM);
END;
$$;

快取策略

Redis 快取層

class CachedMarketRepository implements MarketRepository {
  constructor(
    private baseRepo: MarketRepository,
    private redis: RedisClient
  ) {}

  async findById(id: string): Promise<Market | null> {
    // 先檢查快取
    const cached = await this.redis.get(`market:${id}`)

    if (cached) {
      return JSON.parse(cached)
    }

    // 快取未命中 - 從資料庫取得
    const market = await this.baseRepo.findById(id)

    if (market) {
      // 快取 5 分鐘
      await this.redis.setex(`market:${id}`, 300, JSON.stringify(market))
    }

    return market
  }

  async invalidateCache(id: string): Promise<void> {
    await this.redis.del(`market:${id}`)
  }
}

Cache-Aside 模式

async function getMarketWithCache(id: string): Promise<Market> {
  const cacheKey = `market:${id}`

  // 嘗試快取
  const cached = await redis.get(cacheKey)
  if (cached) return JSON.parse(cached)

  // 快取未命中 - 從資料庫取得
  const market = await db.markets.findUnique({ where: { id } })

  if (!market) throw new Error('Market not found')

  // 更新快取
  await redis.setex(cacheKey, 300, JSON.stringify(market))

  return market
}

錯誤處理模式

集中式錯誤處理器

class ApiError extends Error {
  constructor(
    public statusCode: number,
    public message: string,
    public isOperational = true
  ) {
    super(message)
    Object.setPrototypeOf(this, ApiError.prototype)
  }
}

export function errorHandler(error: unknown, req: Request): Response {
  if (error instanceof ApiError) {
    return NextResponse.json({
      success: false,
      error: error.message
    }, { status: error.statusCode })
  }

  if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
    return NextResponse.json({
      success: false,
      error: 'Validation failed',
      details: error.errors
    }, { status: 400 })
  }

  // 記錄非預期錯誤
  console.error('Unexpected error:', error)

  return NextResponse.json({
    success: false,
    error: 'Internal server error'
  }, { status: 500 })
}

// 使用方式
export async function GET(request: Request) {
  try {
    const data = await fetchData()
    return NextResponse.json({ success: true, data })
  } catch (error) {
    return errorHandler(error, request)
  }
}

指數退避重試

async function fetchWithRetry<T>(
  fn: () => Promise<T>,
  maxRetries = 3
): Promise<T> {
  let lastError: Error

  for (let i = 0; i < maxRetries; i++) {
    try {
      return await fn()
    } catch (error) {
      lastError = error as Error

      if (i < maxRetries - 1) {
        // 指數退避：1s, 2s, 4s
        const delay = Math.pow(2, i) * 1000
        await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, delay))
      }
    }
  }

  throw lastError!
}

// 使用方式
const data = await fetchWithRetry(() => fetchFromAPI())

認證與授權

JWT Token 驗證

import jwt from 'jsonwebtoken'

interface JWTPayload {
  userId: string
  email: string
  role: 'admin' | 'user'
}

export function verifyToken(token: string): JWTPayload {
  try {
    const payload = jwt.verify(token, process.env.JWT_SECRET!) as JWTPayload
    return payload
  } catch (error) {
    throw new ApiError(401, 'Invalid token')
  }
}

export async function requireAuth(request: Request) {
  const token = request.headers.get('authorization')?.replace('Bearer ', '')

  if (!token) {
    throw new ApiError(401, 'Missing authorization token')
  }

  return verifyToken(token)
}

// 在 API 路由中使用
export async function GET(request: Request) {
  const user = await requireAuth(request)

  const data = await getDataForUser(user.userId)

  return NextResponse.json({ success: true, data })
}

基於角色的存取控制

type Permission = 'read' | 'write' | 'delete' | 'admin'

interface User {
  id: string
  role: 'admin' | 'moderator' | 'user'
}

const rolePermissions: Record<User['role'], Perm