Channel Economics

End-to-end financial modeling and design of go-to-market channels: direct sales economics, reseller / distributor margin structures, marketplace fees, partner tier economics, channel conflict resolution, and the TCO frameworks that compare channel options apples-to-apples.

This skill provides the financial backbone for channel strategy. For strategic partnership design (which channel to invest in, how to structure the partnership), see business-growth/partnerships-architect. For partner-deal-level approval mechanics, see business-growth/deal-desk.

When to use this skill

The channel model decision tree

Six core channel models. Most companies use a mix.

What's the product's complexity + price point?

Low complexity, low price (< $10k ACV):
├── Self-serve / PLG → no channel
├── E-commerce → direct via web
└── Marketplace (AWS / Azure / GCP / Salesforce AppExchange) → if buyer already there

Medium complexity, mid-market price ($10k - $250k ACV):
├── Inside sales / SDR-led direct → if buyer journey is well-understood
├── Reseller / VAR (Value-Added Reseller) → if local presence / language matters
├── Marketplace → if buyer prefers procurement via existing relationship
└── Embedded / OEM → if your product is a component in someone else's offering

High complexity, enterprise ($250k+ ACV):
├── Direct field sales → standard for high-touch enterprise
├── Strategic SI / Integrator (Accenture, Deloitte, etc.) → if implementation is a substantial project
├── ISV / Embedded → if you're a feature in a larger platform
└── Reseller / Distributor → for regional or vertical specialty

Operational / managed-service buyer:
└── MSP (Managed Service Provider) → if customer wants outsourced operations

See references/channel-models-direct-partner-marketplace.md for each model in depth: economic structure, typical margin splits, when each works / fails, contract patterns.

Margin and TCO framework

Apples-to-apples channel comparison requires a consistent TCO model. The naive comparison ("direct gets 100%, reseller gets 70%") misses critical costs.

True channel TCO formula

Channel Contribution Margin
  = Channel-attributed Revenue
  − COGS
  − Partner Discount/Commission
  − Channel-specific Sales Cost (allocated)
  − Channel-specific Marketing Cost (MDF, co-marketing)
  − Partner Enablement Cost (training, certification)
  − Channel Operations Cost (channel manager headcount)
  − Channel-specific Support Cost (T1 partner support)

Side-by-side comparison

For a $100k ACV deal:

The "30% discount" reseller deal is more like 14.5% margin difference once everything's counted. Marketplace can look better than direct on per-deal basis (Amazon's sales team brings the buyer) — but volume varies.

Use scripts/channel_margin_calculator.py --deal deal.yaml --channel <type> to model this for any deal.

See references/margin-and-tco-frameworks.md for the full TCO framework, per-cost-line guidance, and how to allocate "fully-loaded" sales / marketing / ops costs.

Partner tier economics

Multi-tier partner programs (Authorized → Silver → Gold → Platinum) are common. Designed badly, they reward effort that isn't valuable; designed well, they reward outcomes that drive growth.

Standard tier structure

Tier design principles

1. Outcome-based, not effort-based. Reward revenue + retention, not training hours or marketing event count.
2. Achievable but stretching. Each tier should be a 12-18 month stretch from the prior.
3. Differentiable benefits. Each tier needs benefits a partner actively wants (not just "more support").
4. Renewable status. Tiers re-evaluated annually. Partners can move down if they don't maintain.
5. Anti-gaming protection. Discount-stacking, registration gaming, transfer pricing — design out.

Use scripts/partner_tier_economics.py --tiers tiers.yaml to model tier economics: gross margin per tier, partner-side incentive, break-even revenue per partner per tier.

Rebate / SPIFF design

Three common reward structures, each with trade-offs:

Front-end discount

Partner buys from you at a discount; sells to customer at list (or close). Margin = the spread.

Pros: Simple. Cash flow goes to partner immediately. Cons: Hard to incentivize specific behaviors. Discount is locked in regardless of performance.

Back-end rebate

Partner pays full price (or near it); earns rebate quarterly / annually based on revenue / tier achievement.

Pros: Ties reward to actual achievement; behaviors can be incentivized (e.g., bonus for selling new products). Cons: Cash-flow burden on partner. Complex to administer.

MDF (Marketing Development Funds) / SPIFF

Per-deal or per-period bonuses for specific actions: bring leads, attend events, certify staff.

Pros: Highly targetable. Rewards specific behaviors you want. Cons: Easy to game; admin overhead high; partners often expect it without producing.

Typical mix

Channel