Delphi Code Refactoring

Delphi Code Refactoring — Skill

Use this skill when the user requests refactoring, code review or removal of code smells in Object Pascal. Refactoring never changes observable behavior — it only improves the internal structure of the code.

When to Use

• User asks to "improve", "clean up" or "refactor" existing code
• When reviewing code and finding code smells
• When preparing legacy code to receive new functionality
• Before adding tests to untestable code
• When answering "why is this code difficult to understand?"

Fundamental Principle

"Refactoring is the art of changing the structure of code without changing its behavior."

Always write (or check for) tests before refactoring.

📋 Catalog of Code Smells and Techniques

1. Extract Method — Long Method

Detect: Method with more than 20 lines or that needs comments to explain blocks.

Before:

procedure TInvoiceService.GenerateInvoice(AOrder: TOrder);
var
  LTax, LSubtotal, LTotal: Currency;
  LItem: TOrderItem;
  LLines: TStringList;
begin
  // Calcula subtotal
  LSubtotal := 0;
  for LItem in AOrder.Items do
    LSubtotal += LItem.UnitPrice * LItem.Quantity;

  // Calcula imposto
  if AOrder.IsExempt then LTax := 0
  else LTax := LSubtotal * 0.12;

  LTotal := LSubtotal + LTax;

  // Gera linhas do relatório
  LLines := TStringList.Create;
  try
    LLines.Add('NOTA FISCAL');
    LLines.Add(Format('Cliente: %s', [AOrder.Customer.Name]));
    for LItem in AOrder.Items do
      LLines.Add(Format('  %s x%d = R$%.2f',
        [LItem.Product.Name, LItem.Quantity, LItem.UnitPrice * LItem.Quantity]));
    LLines.Add(Format('Total: R$%.2f', [LTotal]));
    LLines.SaveToFile(AOrder.InvoicePath);
  finally
    LLines.Free;
  end;
end;

After:

procedure TInvoiceService.GenerateInvoice(AOrder: TOrder);
var
  LSubtotal, LTax: Currency;
begin
  LSubtotal := CalculateSubtotal(AOrder);
  LTax      := CalculateTax(AOrder, LSubtotal);
  SaveInvoiceFile(AOrder, LSubtotal + LTax);
end;

function TInvoiceService.CalculateSubtotal(AOrder: TOrder): Currency;
var LItem: TOrderItem;
begin
  Result := 0;
  for LItem in AOrder.Items do
    Result := Result + (LItem.UnitPrice * LItem.Quantity);
end;

function TInvoiceService.CalculateTax(AOrder: TOrder; ASubtotal: Currency): Currency;
const
  STANDARD_TAX_RATE = 0.12;
begin
  if AOrder.IsExempt then Result := 0
  else Result := ASubtotal * STANDARD_TAX_RATE;
end;

procedure TInvoiceService.SaveInvoiceFile(AOrder: TOrder; ATotal: Currency);
var
  LLines: TStringList;
  LItem: TOrderItem;
begin
  LLines := TStringList.Create;
  try
    LLines.Add('NOTA FISCAL');
    LLines.Add(Format('Cliente: %s', [AOrder.Customer.Name]));
    for LItem in AOrder.Items do
      LLines.Add(Format('  %s x%d = R$%.2f',
        [LItem.Product.Name, LItem.Quantity, LItem.UnitPrice * LItem.Quantity]));
    LLines.Add(Format('Total: R$%.2f', [ATotal]));
    LLines.SaveToFile(AOrder.InvoicePath);
  finally
    LLines.Free;
  end;
end;

2. Extract Class — Class with Multiple Responsibilities

Detect: Class with fields of different nature, methods without cohesion.

Before:

TEmployee = class
private
  // Data pessoais
  FName: string;
  FBirthDate: TDate;
  FCpf: string;
  // Data salariais
  FBaseSalary: Currency;
  FBonusPercentage: Double;
  FDepartmentId: Integer;
  // Data de RH
  FHiredDate: TDate;
  FVacationDaysLeft: Integer;
  FPerformanceScore: Integer;
public
  function CalculateGrossSalary: Currency;
  function CalculateNetSalary: Currency;
  function CalculateVacationPay: Currency;
  function GetNextVacationDate: TDate;
  function GetYearsOfService: Integer;
  function IsEligibleForBonus: Boolean;
end;

After:

// Value Object — imutável
TEmployeePersonalData = record
  Name: string;
  BirthDate: TDate;
  Cpf: string;
end;

// Classe coesa: responsibility salarial
TEmployeeSalary = class
private
  FBaseSalary: Currency;
  FBonusPercentage: Double;
public
  constructor Create(ABaseSalary: Currency; ABonusPercentage: Double);
  function CalculateGross: Currency;
  function CalculateNet: Currency;
  function IsEligibleForBonus: Boolean;
end;

// Classe coesa: responsibility de RH
TEmployeeHrRecord = class
private
  FHiredDate: TDate;
  FVacationDaysLeft: Integer;
  FPerformanceScore: Integer;
public
  function GetYearsOfService: Integer;
  function GetNextVacationDate: TDate;
  function CalculateVacationPay(AGrossSalary: Currency): Currency;
end;

// Entidade principal — agora only agrega as partes
TEmployee = class
private
  FPersonalData: TEmployeePersonalData;
  FSalary: TEmployeeSalary;
  FHrRecord: TEmployeeHrRecord;
public
  constructor Create(AData: TEmployeePersonalData;
    ASalary: TEmployeeSalary; AHr: TEmployeeHrRecord);
  destructor Destroy; override;
  property PersonalData: TEmployeePersonalData read FPersonalData;
  property Salary: TEmployeeSalary read FSalary;
  property HrRecord: TEmployeeHrRecord read FHrRecord;
end;

3. Replace Nested Conditionals with Guard Clauses

Detect: More than 2 levels of if..then..begin..end nested.

Before:

function TBankService.Withdraw(AAccount: TAccount; AAmount: Currency): Boolean;
begin
  Result := False;
  if Assigned(AAccount) then
  begin
    if AAccount.IsActive then
    begin
      if AAmount > 0 then
      begin
        if AAccount.Balance >= AAmount then
        begin
          if not AAccount.IsBlocked then
          begin
            AAccount.Balance := AAccount.Balance - AAmount;
            FRepository.Save(AAccount);
            Result := True;
          end;
        end;
      end;
    end;
  end;
end;

After:

function TBankService.Withdraw(AAccount: TAccount; AAmount: Currency): Boolean;
begin
  if not Assigned(AAccount) then
    raise EArgumentNilException.Create('Conta não pode ser nula');
  if not AAccount.IsActive then
    raise EBusinessRuleException.Create('Conta inativa');
  if AAmount <= 0 then
    raise EValidationException.Create('Valor do saque deve ser positivo');
  if AAccount.Balance < AAmount then
    raise EInsufficientFundsException.CreateFmt(
      'Saldo insuficiente. Disponível: R$%.2f', [AAccount.Balance]);
  if AAccount.IsBlocked then
    raise EBusinessRuleException.Create('Conta bloqueada');

  AAccount.Balance := AAccount.Balance - AAmount;
  FRepository.Save(AAccount);
  Result := True;
end;

4. Replace Magic Numbers with Constants

Detect: Numeric or string literals without an explanatory name in the code.

Before:

if AProduct.Stock < 5 then NotifyLowStock(AProduct);
LInstallmentValue := AOrder.Total / 12;
if APassword.Length < 8 then raise ...;
if AUser.FailedLogins >= 3 then LockAccount(AUser);
LInterest := ADebt * 0.02;  // juros de mora

After:

const
  LOW_STOCK_THRESHOLD       = 5;
  MAX_INSTALLMENTS          = 12;
  MIN_PASSWORD_LENGTH       = 8;
  MAX_FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS = 3;
  MONTHLY_INTEREST_RATE     = 0.02;

if AProduct.Stock < LOW_STOCK_THRESHOLD then NotifyLowStock(AProduct);
LInstallmentValue := AOrder.Total / MAX_INSTALLMENTS;
if APassword.Length < MIN_PASSWORD_LENGTH then raise ...;
if AUser.FailedLogins >= MAX_FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS then LockAccount(AUser);
LInterest := ADebt * MONTHLY_INTEREST_RATE;

5. Replace Conditional with Polymorphism (Strategy/State)

Detect: case or if/else if string that checks the type or regime of an object.

Before:

function TShippingService.CalculateFreight(AOrder: TOrder): Currency;
begin
  case AOrder.ShippingMethod of
    smPAC:     Result := AOrder.Weight * 2.50 + 8.0;
    smSEDEX:   Result := AOrder.Weight * 4.80 + 15.0;
    smTransp:  Result := AOrder.Weight * 1.20;
    smRetirada:Result := 0;
  end;
end;

After:

// Interface Strategy
IFreightStrategy = interface
  ['{GUID}']
  function Calculate(AWeightKg: Double): Currency;
  function GetCarrierName: string;
end;

// Implemen