Modern JavaScript & TypeScript

Before writing code

Fetch live docs: Web-search site:developer.mozilla.org javascript for MDN JavaScript reference. Check https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/ for TypeScript documentation.

ES6+ Features

Arrow Functions

Concise function syntax with lexical this:

• const add = (a, b) => a + b;
• Implicit return for single expressions
• No own this, arguments, super, or new.target

Template Literals

String interpolation and multi-line strings:

• `Hello, ${name}!`
• Tagged templates for DSLs

Destructuring

Extract values from objects/arrays:

• const { name, price } = product;
• const [first, ...rest] = items;
• Default values: const { name = 'Unknown' } = product;
• Nested: const { address: { city } } = customer;

Spread / Rest

• Spread: [...arr1, ...arr2], { ...obj1, ...obj2 }
• Rest: function(...args) {}, const { a, ...rest } = obj;

Modules (ES Modules)

• import { func } from './module.js';
• export const value = 42; / export default class {}
• Dynamic: const mod = await import('./lazy.js');

Optional Chaining & Nullish Coalescing

• obj?.property?.nested — short-circuits to undefined if any part is nullish
• value ?? defaultValue — returns right side only if left is null/undefined (not falsy)

Async Patterns

Promises

• new Promise((resolve, reject) => { ... })
• .then(), .catch(), .finally()
• Promise.all(), Promise.allSettled(), Promise.race(), Promise.any()

Async/Await

• async function fetchData() { const data = await fetch(url); }
• Error handling with try/catch
• Parallel: const [a, b] = await Promise.all([fetchA(), fetchB()]);

Fetch API

const response = await fetch(url, {
  method: 'POST',
  headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
  body: JSON.stringify(data),
});
const result = await response.json();

TypeScript

Type Annotations

• let name: string = 'Product';
• function getPrice(id: number): Promise<number> { ... }
• const product: Product = { ... };

Interfaces

interface Product {
  id: string;
  title: string;
  handle: string;
  priceRange: {
    minVariantPrice: { amount: string; currencyCode: string };
  };
  variants?: Variant[];
}

Type Utilities

• Partial<T> — all properties optional
• Required<T> — all properties required
• Pick<T, K> — subset of properties
• Omit<T, K> — exclude properties
• Record<K, V> — key-value mapping
• ReturnType<T> — extract return type of function

Generics

function fetchResource<T>(url: string): Promise<T> {
  return fetch(url).then(res => res.json());
}
const product = await fetchResource<Product>('/api/products/1');

Enums

enum OrderStatus {
  Pending = 'pending',
  Shipped = 'shipped',
  Completed = 'completed',
}

Discriminated Unions

type ApiResponse<T> =
  | { status: 'success'; data: T }
  | { status: 'error'; message: string };

Modern Array Methods

• map, filter, reduce, find, findIndex
• some, every — boolean checks
• flat, flatMap — array flattening
• Array.from(), Array.isArray()
• Object.entries(), Object.fromEntries(), Object.keys(), Object.values()
• structuredClone() — deep clone

For Shopify Specifically

Theme JavaScript

• Vanilla JS or minimal libraries — themes should stay lightweight
• Use <script defer> and lazy loading for performance
• Access Liquid data via <script type="application/json"> blocks
• No build step required — Shopify serves assets directly

Shopify Functions (Wasm)

• JavaScript compiled to WebAssembly
• No async (no Promises, no fetch) — synchronous only
• Pure functions: input → output, no side effects
• TypeScript recommended for type safety on I/O schemas

Hydrogen / Remix

• TypeScript by default
• React components with hooks
• Server Components + Client Components
• Remix loaders and actions (server-side)
• Type-safe Storefront API queries

App Development

• Remix server with TypeScript
• Polaris components for admin UI
• App Bridge for embedded app communication
• @shopify/shopify-app-remix for auth and session management

Best Practices

• Use const by default, let when reassignment is needed, never var
• Use async/await over raw Promises for readability
• Use TypeScript for all non-trivial projects
• Use optional chaining to simplify null checks
• Use destructuring for cleaner function signatures
• Handle errors at appropriate levels (don't swallow errors)
• Use === instead of == for comparisons
• Use ESLint + Prettier for consistent code style

Fetch MDN and TypeScript docs for exact syntax, browser compatibility, and new features before implementing.