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kubectl-basics

kubectl 基础操作与常用命令

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kubectl 基础操作

概述

kubectl 是 Kubernetes 的命令行工具,用于与集群进行交互。本 skill 涵盖日常运维中最常用的命令。

集群信息

# 集群信息
kubectl cluster-info
kubectl version

# 节点信息
kubectl get nodes
kubectl describe node <node-name>

# 上下文切换
kubectl config get-contexts
kubectl config use-context <context-name>

资源查看

常用资源

# Pod
kubectl get pods
kubectl get pods -o wide
kubectl get pods -A                    # 所有命名空间

# Deployment
kubectl get deployments
kubectl get deploy -o yaml

# Service
kubectl get services
kubectl get svc

# 所有资源
kubectl get all
kubectl get all -n <namespace>

输出格式

kubectl get pods -o wide               # 详细信息
kubectl get pods -o yaml               # YAML 格式
kubectl get pods -o json               # JSON 格式
kubectl get pods -o jsonpath='{.items[*].metadata.name}'

资源操作

创建与删除

# 从文件创建
kubectl apply -f manifest.yaml
kubectl create -f manifest.yaml

# 删除资源
kubectl delete -f manifest.yaml
kubectl delete pod <pod-name>
kubectl delete pod <pod-name> --force --grace-period=0

编辑与更新

# 编辑资源
kubectl edit deployment <name>

# 打补丁
kubectl patch deployment <name> -p '{"spec":{"replicas":3}}'

# 扩缩容
kubectl scale deployment <name> --replicas=5

Pod 调试

# 查看日志
kubectl logs <pod-name>
kubectl logs <pod-name> -c <container>
kubectl logs <pod-name> -f              # 实时跟踪
kubectl logs <pod-name> --previous      # 上一个容器

# 进入容器
kubectl exec -it <pod-name> -- /bin/bash
kubectl exec -it <pod-name> -c <container> -- sh

# 端口转发
kubectl port-forward <pod-name> 8080:80
kubectl port-forward svc/<service> 8080:80

常见场景

场景 1:快速排查 Pod 问题

# 1. 查看 Pod 状态
kubectl get pod <name> -o wide

# 2. 查看事件
kubectl describe pod <name> | grep -A 20 Events

# 3. 查看日志
kubectl logs <name> --tail=100

场景 2:滚动更新

# 更新镜像
kubectl set image deployment/<name> container=image:tag

# 查看更新状态
kubectl rollout status deployment/<name>

# 回滚
kubectl rollout undo deployment/<name>
kubectl rollout history deployment/<name>

快捷别名

# 推荐添加到 ~/.bashrc 或 ~/.zshrc
alias k='kubectl'
alias kgp='kubectl get pods'
alias kgs='kubectl get svc'
alias kgd='kubectl get deploy'
alias kd='kubectl describe'
alias kl='kubectl logs'
alias ke='kubectl exec -it'

故障排查

| 状态 | 可能原因 | 排查命令 | |------|----------|----------| | Pending | 资源不足/调度问题 | kubectl describe pod | | CrashLoopBackOff | 应用崩溃 | kubectl logs --previous | | ImagePullBackOff | 镜像拉取失败 | kubectl describe pod | | OOMKilled | 内存超限 | 检查 resources.limits |

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