LangGraph Implementation

Core Concepts

LangGraph builds stateful, multi-actor agent applications using a graph-based architecture:

• StateGraph: Builder class for defining graphs with shared state
• Nodes: Functions that read state and return partial updates
• Edges: Define execution flow (static or conditional)
• Channels: Internal state management (LastValue, BinaryOperatorAggregate)
• Checkpointer: Persistence for pause/resume capabilities

Implementation gates

Use these sequenced checks for persistence and human-in-the-loop flows (avoid “it should work” without evidence):

1. Checkpointed runs

   • Build config with {"configurable": {"thread_id": "<stable-id>"}} before invoke / ainvoke.
   • Pass: The same thread_id is reused for every turn of one conversation; a new conversation uses a new id.

2. State after a step

   • Pass: graph.get_state(config).values (or equivalent) contains the keys and reducer outputs your next node or client expects; if not, fix routing, reducers, or node order before continuing.

3. Interrupt and resume (HITL)

   • Pass: After a pause, you have inspected pending work (get_state, and your LangGraph version’s interrupt listing if you rely on it) so you know which node is waiting and what resume payload shape to send.
   • Pass: Command(resume=...) (or equivalent) includes every field the code path after interrupt() reads.

4. Checkpointer vs environment

   • Pass: Tests or local dev use InMemorySaver or disposable SQLite; production uses a durable checkpointer configured for that deployment (not in-memory).

Essential Imports

from langgraph.graph import StateGraph, START, END
from langgraph.graph.message import MessagesState, add_messages
from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import InMemorySaver
from langgraph.types import Command, Send, interrupt, RetryPolicy
from typing import Annotated
from typing_extensions import TypedDict

State Schema Patterns

Basic State with TypedDict

import operator

class State(TypedDict):
    counter: int                                    # LastValue - stores last value
    messages: Annotated[list, operator.add]         # Reducer - appends lists
    items: Annotated[list, lambda a, b: a + [b] if b else a]  # Custom reducer

MessagesState for Chat Applications

from langgraph.graph.message import MessagesState

class State(MessagesState):
    # Inherits: messages: Annotated[list[AnyMessage], add_messages]
    user_id: str
    context: dict

Pydantic State (for validation)

from pydantic import BaseModel

class State(BaseModel):
    messages: Annotated[list, add_messages]
    validated_field: str  # Pydantic validates on assignment

Building Graphs

Basic Pattern

builder = StateGraph(State)

# Add nodes - functions that take state, return partial updates
builder.add_node("process", process_fn)
builder.add_node("decide", decide_fn)

# Add edges
builder.add_edge(START, "process")
builder.add_edge("process", "decide")
builder.add_edge("decide", END)

# Compile
graph = builder.compile()

Node Function Signature

def my_node(state: State) -> dict:
    """Node receives full state, returns partial update."""
    return {"counter": state["counter"] + 1}

# With config access
def my_node(state: State, config: RunnableConfig) -> dict:
    thread_id = config["configurable"]["thread_id"]
    return {"result": process(state, thread_id)}

# With Runtime context (v0.6+)
def my_node(state: State, runtime: Runtime[Context]) -> dict:
    user_id = runtime.context.get("user_id")
    return {"result": user_id}

Conditional Edges

from typing import Literal

def router(state: State) -> Literal["agent", "tools", "__end__"]:
    last_msg = state["messages"][-1]
    if hasattr(last_msg, "tool_calls") and last_msg.tool_calls:
        return "tools"
    return END  # or "__end__"

builder.add_conditional_edges("agent", router)

# With path_map for visualization
builder.add_conditional_edges(
    "agent",
    router,
    path_map={"agent": "agent", "tools": "tools", "__end__": END}
)

Command Pattern (Dynamic Routing + State Update)

from langgraph.types import Command

def dynamic_node(state: State) -> Command[Literal["next", "__end__"]]:
    if state["should_continue"]:
        return Command(goto="next", update={"step": state["step"] + 1})
    return Command(goto=END)

# Must declare destinations for visualization
builder.add_node("dynamic", dynamic_node, destinations=["next", END])

Send Pattern (Fan-out/Map-Reduce)

from langgraph.types import Send

def fan_out(state: State) -> list[Send]:
    """Route to multiple node instances with different inputs."""
    return [Send("worker", {"item": item}) for item in state["items"]]

builder.add_conditional_edges(START, fan_out)
builder.add_edge("worker", "aggregate")  # Workers converge

Checkpointing

Enable Persistence

from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import InMemorySaver
from langgraph.checkpoint.sqlite import SqliteSaver  # Development
from langgraph.checkpoint.postgres import PostgresSaver  # Production

# In-memory (testing only)
graph = builder.compile(checkpointer=InMemorySaver())

# SQLite (development)
with SqliteSaver.from_conn_string("checkpoints.db") as checkpointer:
    graph = builder.compile(checkpointer=checkpointer)

# Thread-based invocation
config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "user-123"}}
result = graph.invoke({"messages": [...]}, config)

State Management

# Get current state
state = graph.get_state(config)

# Get state history
for state in graph.get_state_history(config):
    print(state.values, state.next)

# Update state manually
graph.update_state(config, {"key": "new_value"}, as_node="node_name")

Human-in-the-Loop

Using interrupt()

from langgraph.types import interrupt, Command

def review_node(state: State) -> dict:
    # Pause and surface value to client
    human_input = interrupt({"question": "Please review", "data": state["draft"]})
    return {"approved": human_input["approved"]}

# Resume with Command
graph.invoke(Command(resume={"approved": True}), config)

Interrupt Before/After Nodes

graph = builder.compile(
    checkpointer=checkpointer,
    interrupt_before=["human_review"],  # Pause before node
    interrupt_after=["agent"],          # Pause after node
)

# Check pending interrupts
state = graph.get_state(config)
if state.next:  # Has pending nodes
    # Resume
    graph.invoke(None, config)

Streaming

# Stream modes: "values", "updates", "custom", "messages", "debug"

# Updates only (node outputs)
for chunk in graph.stream(input, stream_mode="updates"):
    print(chunk)  # {"node_name": {"key": "value"}}

# Full state after each step
for chunk in graph.stream(input, stream_mode="values"):
    print(chunk)

# Multiple modes
for mode, chunk in graph.stream(input, stream_mode=["updates", "messages"]):
    if mode == "messages":
        print("Token:", chunk)

# Custom streaming from within nodes
from langgraph.config import get_stream_writer

def my_node(state):
    writer = get_stream_writer()
    writer({"progress": 0.5})  # Custom event
    return {"result": "done"}

Subgraphs

# Define subgraph
sub_builder = StateGraph(SubState)
sub_builder.add_node("step", step_fn)
sub_builder.add_edge(START, "step")
subgraph = sub_builder.compile()

# Use as node in parent
parent_builder = StateGraph(ParentState)
parent_builder.add_node("subprocess", subgraph)
parent_builder.add_edge(START, "subprocess")

# Subgraph checkpointing
subgraph = sub_builder.compile(
    checkpointer=None,   # Inherit from parent (default)
    # checkpointer=True,   # Use persistent checkpointing
    # checkpointer=False,  # Disable checkpointing
)

Retry and Caching

fro