Laravel 12 开发指南

Laravel 12 框架开发助手，专注于控制器、模型、命令行工具、服务层的快速开发。

常用 Artisan 命令

# 生成控制器
php artisan make:controller UserController

# 生成资源控制器（RESTful）
php artisan make:controller UserController --resource

# 生成 API 控制器
php artisan make:controller API/UserController --api

# 生成模型
php artisan make:model User

# 生成模型 + 迁移文件
php artisan make:model User -m

# 生成模型 + 迁移 + 工厂 + 控制器
php artisan make:model User -mcf

# 生成命令
php artisan make:command ImportDataCommand

# 生成中间件
php artisan make:middleware CheckUserRole

# 生成服务提供者（用于注册门面）
php artisan make:provider PaymentServiceProvider

# 生成请求验证类
php artisan make:request StoreUserRequest

# 生成迁移文件
php artisan make:migration create_users_table

# 执行迁移
php artisan migrate

# 回滚迁移
php artisan migrate:rollback

# 生成 Seeder
php artisan make:seeder UserSeeder

# 执行 Seeder
php artisan db:seed

# 清除缓存
php artisan cache:clear
php artisan config:clear
php artisan route:clear
php artisan view:clear

# 启动开发服务器
php artisan serve

快速示例

控制器

<?php

namespace App\Http\Controllers;

use App\Models\User;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Http\JsonResponse;

class UserController extends Controller
{
    /**
     * Display a listing of the resource.
     */
    public function index(): JsonResponse
    {
        $users = User::all();

        return response()->json([
            'success' => true,
            'data' => $users
        ]);
    }

    /**
     * Store a newly created resource in storage.
     */
    public function store(Request $request): JsonResponse
    {
        $validated = $request->validate([
            'name' => 'required|string|max:255',
            'email' => 'required|email|unique:users',
        ]);

        $user = User::create($validated);

        return response()->json([
            'success' => true,
            'data' => $user
        ], 201);
    }

    /**
     * Display the specified resource.
     */
    public function show(User $user): JsonResponse
    {
        return response()->json([
            'success' => true,
            'data' => $user
        ]);
    }

    /**
     * Update the specified resource in storage.
     */
    public function update(Request $request, User $user): JsonResponse
    {
        $validated = $request->validate([
            'name' => 'sometimes|string|max:255',
            'email' => 'sometimes|email|unique:users,email,' . $user->id,
        ]);

        $user->update($validated);

        return response()->json([
            'success' => true,
            'data' => $user
        ]);
    }

    /**
     * Remove the specified resource from storage.
     */
    public function destroy(User $user): JsonResponse
    {
        $user->delete();

        return response()->json([
            'success' => true,
            'message' => 'User deleted successfully'
        ]);
    }
}

模型（Eloquent ORM）

<?php

namespace App\Models;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Factories\HasFactory;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\SoftDeletes;

class User extends Model
{
    use HasFactory, SoftDeletes;

    /**
     * The table associated with the model.
     */
    protected $table = 'users';

    /**
     * The attributes that are mass assignable.
     */
    protected $fillable = [
        'name',
        'email',
        'password',
    ];

    /**
     * The attributes that should be hidden for serialization.
     */
    protected $hidden = [
        'password',
        'remember_token',
    ];

    /**
     * The attributes that should be cast.
     */
    protected $casts = [
        'email_verified_at' => 'datetime',
        'password' => 'hashed',
    ];

    /**
     * Get the posts for the user.
     */
    public function posts()
    {
        return $this->hasMany(Post::class);
    }

    /**
     * Get the user's profile.
     */
    public function profile()
    {
        return $this->hasOne(Profile::class);
    }
}

命令（Artisan Command）

<?php

namespace App\Console\Commands;

use Illuminate\Console\Command;
use App\Models\User;

class ImportDataCommand extends Command
{
    /**
     * The name and signature of the console command.
     */
    protected $signature = 'import:data {file} {--force}';

    /**
     * The console command description.
     */
    protected $description = 'Import data from file';

    /**
     * Execute the console command.
     */
    public function handle(): int
    {
        $file = $this->argument('file');
        $force = $this->option('force');

        $this->info("Processing file: {$file}");

        if ($force) {
            $this->warn('Force mode enabled');
        }

        // 处理逻辑
        $bar = $this->output->createProgressBar(100);
        $bar->start();

        for ($i = 0; $i < 100; $i++) {
            // 处理数据
            $bar->advance();
        }

        $bar->finish();
        $this->newLine();

        $this->info('Import completed successfully!');

        return Command::SUCCESS;
    }
}

中间件（Middleware）

<?php

namespace App\Http\Middleware;

use Closure;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;

class CheckUserRole
{
    /**
     * Handle an incoming request.
     */
    public function handle(Request $request, Closure $next, string $role): Response
    {
        if (!$request->user() || !$request->user()->hasRole($role)) {
            abort(403, 'Unauthorized action.');
        }

        return $next($request);
    }
}

注册中间件（在 app/Http/Kernel.php 或 bootstrap/app.php）：

// 全局中间件
protected $middleware = [
    \App\Http\Middleware\CheckUserRole::class,
];

// 路由中间件
protected $middlewareAliases = [
    'role' => \App\Http\Middleware\CheckUserRole::class,
];

使用中间件：

// 在路由中使用
Route::get('/admin', function () {
    // ...
})->middleware('role:admin');

// 在控制器构造函数中使用
public function __construct()
{
    $this->middleware('role:admin');
}

门面（Facade）

创建服务类：

<?php

namespace App\Services;

class PaymentService
{
    public function process(array $data): array
    {
        // 处理支付逻辑
        return [
            'status' => 'success',
            'transaction_id' => uniqid(),
        ];
    }

    public function refund(string $transactionId): bool
    {
        // 退款逻辑
        return true;
    }
}

创建门面类：

<?php

namespace App\Facades;

use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Facade;

class Payment extends Facade
{
    /**
     * Get the registered name of the component.
     */
    protected static function getFacadeAccessor(): string
    {
        return 'payment';
    }
}

注册服务提供者（在 app/Providers/AppServiceProvider.php）：

<?php

namespace App\Providers;

use App\Services\PaymentService;
use Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider;

class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
{
    public function register(): void
    {
        $this->app->singleton('payment', function ($app) {
            return new PaymentService();
        });
    }
}

使用门面：

use App\Facades\Payment;

// 调用门面方法
$result = Payment::process([
    'amount' => 100,
    'currency' => 'USD',
]);

// 退款
Payment::refund($transactionId);

服务类

<?php

namespace App\Services;

use App\Models\User;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Hash;

class UserService
{
    /**
     * Create a new user.
     */
    public function create(array $data): User
    {
        return User::create([
            'name' => $data['name'],
            'email' => $data['email'],
            'password' => Hash::make($data['password']),
        ]);
    }

    /**
     * Update user information.
     */
    public function update(User $user, array $data): User
    {
        $user->update($data);

        return $user->fresh();
    }

    /**
     * Delete a user.
     */
    public function delete(User $user): bool
    {
        return $user->delete();
    }

    /**
     * Find user by email.
     */
    public functio