offensive-reporting

Penetration Test Reporting — Professional Methodology

A great finding lost in a bad report is a wasted finding. Reports are the artifact the client pays for, the auditor reads, and the developer fixes from. Treat the report with the same rigor as the exploit.

Quick Workflow

1. Capture evidence as you exploit — never reconstruct after the fact
2. Draft each finding immediately while context is fresh; one finding = one numbered file
3. Build the executive summary last, after all findings are scored
4. Two-pass review: technical accuracy first, then read-as-CISO for narrative
5. Hand off with a retest plan and a JSON/CSV index for the client's tracking system

Report Structure (Standard)

1. Executive Summary             ← Last to write, first read
2. Engagement Overview
   2.1 Scope
   2.2 Methodology
   2.3 Limitations / Assumptions
   2.4 Timeline
   2.5 Team
3. Risk Summary                  ← Heatmap, finding count by severity
4. Technical Findings            ← One per finding, sorted by severity
5. Attack Narratives / Chains    ← Critical chains called out separately
6. Strategic Recommendations     ← Programmatic, not finding-by-finding
7. Appendices
   A. Tools Used
   B. Indicators of Compromise (for blue team)
   C. Raw Evidence Pointers
   D. Glossary

Executive Summary — The 90-Second Read

The executive summary is for the CISO, the GRC officer, and the board member. They read this and nothing else.

Structure (one page max):

1. Engagement context — what was tested, when, by whom (1 sentence)
2. Headline finding — the worst thing you found, in business terms (2–3 sentences)
3. Risk verdict — overall posture in plain language (1 paragraph)
4. Counts — number of findings by severity, in a small table
5. Top 3 strategic recommendations — programmatic fixes, not "patch CVE-X"

Words to avoid in the executive summary: payload, RCE, XSS, LDAP, SMB, kerberos, injection. Translate every one. ("An attacker could run arbitrary commands on the server" not "RCE via deserialization gadget chain.")

Words to include: Business impact (customer data, regulatory exposure, operational disruption, financial loss). Anchor every finding to a business consequence.

Technical Finding Template

## Finding ID — Short Descriptive Title

**Severity:** Critical (CVSS 9.8 — vector below)
**Affected Scope:** <hosts/URLs/components, with version where relevant>
**Status:** Open / Fixed in retest / Accepted Risk
**CWE:** CWE-89 (SQL Injection)
**OWASP:** A03:2021 — Injection

### Summary
One paragraph. What is the finding, why does it matter, what's the worst case.

### Background
What technology is involved and why this class of bug exists. Two paragraphs max.
Skip if obvious (e.g. don't explain XSS to an XSS shop).

### Description
Detailed walkthrough of the issue. The root cause, not just the symptom.

### Reproduction Steps
1. Numbered, copy-paste ready.
2. Include the exact request/response, redacted.
3. A reader with no engagement context should reproduce in <15 minutes.

### Evidence
- `screenshots/finding-007/01-payload.png`
- `requests/finding-007/initial-poc.http`
- `evidence-log.csv` line 142 (timestamp 2025-04-12 14:33:07Z)

### Impact
Concrete. Quantified where possible.
- "Read access to the entire customer table (~2.3M records)"
- "Authenticate as any user; verified for sample ID 1, 2, 999, 1000000"
- "Cross-tenant access — verified by reading data from acquired-tenant ABC"

### Remediation
Specific, actionable, ordered by precedence:
1. **Fix the bug** — exact code change or config flag
2. **Defense in depth** — secondary control (WAF rule, input validation)
3. **Detection** — log line / SIEM rule that would have caught the exploit

### References
- CWE / OWASP / CAPEC
- Vendor advisory if known CVE
- Blog posts only if directly relevant

### Notes for Retest
What you'd do to verify the fix. Specific request, specific expected response.

Severity Scoring

CVSS v3.1 Discipline

CVSS is a tool, not a verdict. Score it, then sanity-check against business impact.

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H = 9.8 Critical

For every metric, justify the choice in one sentence:

• AV:N — exposed to internet (port 443)
• AC:L — no special preconditions
• PR:N — no authentication needed
• UI:N — no user interaction
• S:U — does not cross security scope
• C:H I:H A:H — full read/write/availability impact on the database

If two reasonable people would score it differently, document why you chose what you chose.

When CVSS Lies

CVSS doesn't capture business context. A "Medium" CVSS XSS in the customer support chat panel that authenticated agents use to handle PII is more dangerous than an unauthenticated "High" SSRF on a metadata-less internal service. Use CVSS as the floor, not the ceiling.

In those cases, score CVSS honestly and then add a "Business Impact Adjustment" paragraph that argues for higher reporting severity. Don't lie with CVSS.

CVSS v4.0 (where required)

CVSS v4.0 adds environmental and threat metrics that better capture real-world risk. Use it when the client mandates it (PCI DSS 4.0 trends this way) — otherwise v3.1 stays the lingua franca.

OWASP Risk Rating (alternative)

For web-app-only engagements where CVSS feels stretched, OWASP's risk rating (likelihood × impact across multiple factors) often communicates better.

Evidence Discipline

What to Capture

For every finding, every action:

1. Timestamp (UTC, ISO 8601)
2. Source IP (yours, including any pivot)
3. Target (host, URL, RPC interface)
4. Action (what request was sent)
5. Result (response, what you got)
6. Hash of any data extracted (so you can prove what you saw)

timestamp,operator,src_ip,target,action,result_hash,notes
2025-04-12T14:33:07Z,KA,10.10.10.5,app.client.com,SQLi probe ' OR 1=1--,sha256:abc...,initial detection

This is the audit trail. Clients with mature security teams will ask for it.

Redaction Rules

Before any artifact leaves your secure environment:

• Replace credentials with placeholders: <REDACTED-PASSWORD>, <TOKEN-A1>
• Hash extracted PII — never include real names, emails, SSNs in screenshots
• Crop screenshots to the relevant area; check for browser tab leaks (other tabs visible)
• Strip EXIF from images; auto-redact via exiftool -all= *.png
• Remove debug toolbars from screenshots that reveal client infrastructure paths
• Verify URLs in screenshots don't include session tokens

Storage & Chain of Custody

• Encrypted volume during the engagement (LUKS, FileVault, BitLocker)
• Per-engagement key, not a master operator key
• Wipe to client-spec at end of engagement (typically 30–90 days post-delivery)
• Retain only the report and a hash manifest of evidence, deletable on request

Scope, Limitations, and Assumptions

These three sections protect both you and the client. Be explicit.

Scope

• IPs / domains / repos / accounts in scope, with start/end of engagement window
• Excluded: third-party SaaS used by the client (they don't own it)
• Out of scope by request: physical, social engineering against staff, DoS

Limitations

• "Testing was conducted from the internet only; no internal network access provided"
• "Source code review was not in scope"
• "Production database mutations were avoided per ROE"
• "No coordinated downtime — testing windows were 22:00–06:00 UTC"

Assumptions

• "We assumed the staging environment mirrors production"
• "We assumed the WAF in front of app.client.com is the same as production"
• "Service accounts with admin rights were assumed pre-existing"

Risk Summary & Heatmap

Show, don't tell. A visual summary every executive can read in 5 seconds:

Severity   Count   Top Example
Critical     3     RCE via deserialization (Finding #2)
High         7     ADCS ESC